VIDEO
Graphic source: https://www.justthinktwice.gov/when-your-friend-overdoses-drugs
Graphic source: https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-drug-use-addiction
Graphic source: https://academic.oup.com/view-large/327640589
Graphic source: https://academic.oup.com/eurjpc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab198/6515474
Graphic: Pri-Med, Katherine E. Galluzzi DO, CMD, FACOFP @PriMedCME
Graphic source: https://www.medicaldaily.com/9-drugs-could-lead-memory-loss-dementia-440899
Graphic source: https://www.usnews.com/news/healthiest-communities/articles/2019-08-20/americans-spent-146-billion-on-illegal-drugs-in-2016-study-says
Graphic source: https://www.drugabuse.gov/longdesc/table-1-comorbid-substance-use-disorders
Graphic source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_radar_plot.svg
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/drug-alcohol-use-in-college-age-adults-in-2016
Graphic source: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/drug-alcohol-use-in-college-age-adults-in-2016
Graphic source: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/drug-alcohol-use-in-college-age-adults-in-2016
Graphic source: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/drug-alcohol-use-in-college-age-adults-in-2016
Graphic source: http://iusbirt.org/uncharacterized/new-nsduh-report-samhsa-releases-substance-use-and-mental-health-estimates-from-the-2013-national-survey-on-drug-use-and-health-overview-of-findings/
Graphic source: https://storify.com/APHA/addiction-report
Map source: http://recoverybrands.com/drugs-in-america-vs-europe/assets/images/xdrug-overdose-deaths-per-year.png.pagespeed.ic.Nd2dGPqSBF.png
Drug overdose deaths* involving opioids by type of opioid United States, 2000-2014
Map source: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6450a3.htm
How long the average individual will test positive for marijuana.
Graphic source: http://www.leafscience.com/2014/04/22/how-long-thc-stay-system/
Graphic created by bcjung from source: http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/23/health/heroin-opioid-drug-overdose-deaths-visual-guide/
Graphic created by bcjung from source: http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/23/health/heroin-opioid-drug-overdose-deaths-visual-guide/
Graphic created by bcjung from source: http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/23/health/heroin-opioid-drug-overdose-deaths-visual-guide/
Graphic created by bcjung from source: http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/09/09/493130349/college-high-students-are-using-more-marijuana-fewer-opioids
Graphic source: https://s33.postimg.io/9e5mmwicv/Substance_Use_01.jpg
Graphic source: http://www.quitheroin.com/drug-abuse-in-middle-schools/
Map source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/05/23/where-people-drink-the-most-booze-and-do-the-most-drugs/
APA Position: Because of the lack of any credible studies demonstrating clinical effectiveness, the APA cannot endorse the use of medical cannabis for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Council on Addiction Psychiatry, the Council on Research, and the Council on Quality Care reviewed available evidence regarding the use of cannabis in the treatment of PTSD and concluded that no published evidence of sufficient quality exists in the medical literature to support the practice. The APA does not endorse cannabis for treatment of PTSD at this time, as further study is needed.
Position Statement Against the Use of Cannabis for PTSD
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/fentanyl-stimulants-drives-fourth-wave-overdose-epidemic-us-rcna104953
Graphic source: https://store.samhsa.gov/product/The-Opioid-Crisis-and-the-Hispanic-Latino-Population-An-Urgent-Issue/PEP20-05-02-002
Graphic: Pri-Med, Katherine E. Galluzzi DO, CMD, FACOFP @PriMedCME
Graphic: Pri-Med, Katherine E. Galluzzi DO, CMD, FACOFP @PriMedCME
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2728449?guestAccessKey=a432a8ee-6799-4d91-a6e0-e86db03c4126
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2657548
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/patients/materials.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/rxawareness/resources/ads.html
Graphic source: http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/12/523774660/a-drugmaker-tries-to-cash-in-on-the-opioid-epidemic-one-state-law-at-a-time
Graphic source:http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr1706626
VIDEO
Agony of Opioid Withdrawal
Graphic source: CDC
Graphic source: CDC
Emergency Preparedness/Disaster Planning
Graphic source:https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/climate-change/extreme-weather-caused-more-than-usd100-billion-in-damage-by-june-smashing-us-records
Graphic source:https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/climate-change/extreme-weather-caused-more-than-usd100-billion-in-damage-by-june-smashing-us-records
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/COweatherman/status/1472010954753728513/photo/1
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/foodwater/facts.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/foodwater/facts.html
Graphic source: http://www.banyanair.com/blog_images/toolkit.jpg
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coping/selfcare.asp
Statistics
CO2 Emissions
Graphic source: http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-passes-400-ppm-threshold-permanently-20738
Drought
Graphic source: https://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showTrackingDrought >
Earth Overshoot Day
VIDEO
Earthquakes
Graphic source: https://www.unavco.org/education/education-resources/posters/
At 5:12am on April 18, 1906, a massive #earthquake shook San Francisco, CA. The earthquake ignited several fires that burned for three days and destroyed nearly 500 city blocks. Today we commemorate 118 years of #seismic discovery, research, and resilience. (4/13/2024) @USGS_Quakes
The biggie. #1906SanFranciscoEarthquake This only means one thing - the next one is now past due.
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1781032515051860277
The National Seismic Hazard Model map, displaying the likelihood of damaging earthquake shaking in the United States over the next 100 years. (Image credit: USGS)
Graphic source: https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/earthquakes/nearly-75-of-the-us-is-at-risk-from-damaging-earthquakes-new-map-reveals
Map source: https://twitter.com/USGS/status/1747302965801611377
Graphic source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/deadly-earthquakes-map.html
Source: https://twitter.com/raspishake/status/1476916414124601344
VIDEO
Video source: https://twitter.com/deAdder/status/1703044321165914479
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/patton_cascadia/status/1648373794577301509/photo/1
Graphic source: https://www.dailyinfographic.com/the-science-of-earthquakes-and-fracking
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/USGS_Quakes/status/1504165349880590338/photo/1
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/weird-boomerang-earthquake-detected-under-atlantic-ocean/
Graphic source: https://news.mit.edu/2019/tectonics-tropics-trigger-ice-ages-0314
Graphic source: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190314151645.htm
Graphic source: https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/the-types-of-seismic-waves/
Graphic source: https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/the-types-of-seismic-waves/
Graphic source: https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/the-types-of-seismic-waves/
Graphic source: https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/the-types-of-seismic-waves/
Graphic source: https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/the-types-of-seismic-waves/
Graphic source: https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/the-types-of-seismic-waves/
Graphic source: https://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/diamond-earth-mantle-craton-17072018/
Map source: https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/08/world/ring-of-fire-explainer/index.html
Map source: https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/08/world/ring-of-fire-explainer/index.html
Map source: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/03/170328135508.htm
Graphic source: http://www.express.co.uk/news/science/743988/Ring-of-Fire-BIG-ONE-CATASTROPHIC-earthquakes-tsunamis
Graphic source: http://www.express.co.uk/news/science/743988/Ring-of-Fire-BIG-ONE-CATASTROPHIC-earthquakes-tsunamis
VIDEO
Map source: http://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/life-on-the-fault-lines-major-earthquakes-overdue-and-no-one-in-the-world-is-safe-expert-says/news-story/0453eac947c8a9485be293364f56ac50
Map source: http://www.livescience.com/50609-half-the-us-faces-earthquake-risk.html
VIDEO
Graphic source: http://www.energyfromshale.org/sites/default/files/field/image/Seismic-event-Frequency-and-impact.jpg
Map source: http://www.livescience.com/54212-oklahoma-is-now-earthquake-hotspot.html
Map source: http://www.livescience.com/54212-oklahoma-is-now-earthquake-hotspot.html
VIDEO
Map source: http://www.livescience.com/30312-japan-earthquakes-top-10-110408.html
Map source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150310174541.htm
Map source: http://earthsky.org/earth/new-earthquake-fault-discovered-in-california
Graphic created by bcjung from source: http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/23/europe/italy-earthquake/
Map source: http://www.livescience.com/30226-japan-tectonics-explosive-geology-ring-of-fire-110314.html
Graphic source:
https://www.usgs.gov/news/usgs-rolls-out-groundbreaking-earthquake-study-haywired-earthquake-scenario
Posters and Graphics - EarthScope Consortium operates the NSF Geodetic Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience (GAGE) and NSF Seismological Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE)
Almost half of California's faults — including San Andreas — are overdue for earthquakes 6/2025
Nearly 75% of the US is at risk from damaging earthquakes, new map reveals 1/2024
Stay Safe During an Earthquake 9/2023
Explainer: Earth’s Tectonic Plates 7/2022
Magnitude 6.0 Earthquake in California
The USGS has up-to-date details on the July 8, 2021 event
Mapped: The World’s Major Earthquakes from 1956‒2022 2/2023
Icelandic Met Office
The HayWired earthquake scenario We can outsmart disaster Fact Sheet 2018-3016 Abstract USGS.gov
The HayWired Earthquake Scenario We Can Outsmart Disaster Fact Sheet
The HayWired Earthquake Scenario Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5013
Is a major California earthquake overdue? 2/2018
A seismic mapping milestone - Team produces 3-D map of Earth's interior 3/2017
Mauna Loa - Preparing for the next eruption of Earth's largest active volcano. U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory January 14, 2022
Melting glaciers contribute to Alaska earthquakes 3/2021
The main types of seismic waves: P, S, and surface waves 11/2018
The Philippines Fault
USGS Real Time US Earthquake Monitoring
Southern California Earthquake Situation USGS.gov
Earthquakes Today G
Real Time Earthquake Maps Where and How Big? 5/2016
Quakes - Live Earthquakes Map
7 Craziest Ways Japan's Earthquake Affected Earth Livescience.com 2012
Japan's Biggest Earthquakes 4/8/2011
The 10 Biggest Earthquakes in History Livescience.com 2011
Can Animals Predict Earthquakes? Livescience.com 2012
Deadliest Earthquakes in History Livescience.com 2005
Earthquake Map USGS.gov
Earthquake Glossary USGS.gov
Earthquakes Liveescience.com
Earthquakes USGS.gov
Earthquakes & Tsunamis: Causes & Information Livescience.com 4/2015
Earthquakes FAQs USGS.gov
Earthquake Magnitude: Just How Big Was the Biggest Earthquake? Livescience.com 2012
Earthquake That Killed A King Ruptured Ground Livescience.com 4/2015
Faults and Earthquakes University of Wisconsin - Green Bay
Guidance for Caregivers: Children or Teens Who Had a Loved One Die in the Earthquake NCTSN.org
Here's What'll Happen When Plate Tectonics Grinds to a Halt 8/2018
History of deadly earthquakes BBC
How Are Earthquakes Measured? Livescience.com 2010
How to Prepare for an Earthquake Fema.gov
Image Gallery: This Millennium's Destructive Earthquakes Livescience.com 3/2011
Japan's Biggest Earthquakes Livescience.com 2011
Japan's Explosive Geology Explained Livescience.com 2011
Latest Earthquakes M5.0+ in the World USGS.gov
Likely cause of 2013-14 earthquakes: Combination of gas field fluid injection and removal Sciencedaily.com 4/2015
Live Earthquake Map
Major earthquakes throughout history in pictures Telegraph.co.uk
Man-Made Earthquake Hotspot Revealed: Oklahoma 3/2016
Moment magnitude scale Sciencedaily.com
More Americans at risk from strong earthquakes, says new report Sciencedaily.com 4/2015
New earthquake fault found in California 10/7/2016
7.8 Earthquake - Lamjung, Nepal - Aftershocks and PDC Global RVA Map
Mexico City earthquake was rare bending quake 3/2018
Parent Guidelines for Helping Children after an Earthquake NCTSN.org
QuakeQuiz SF How much do you know?
Richter scale USGS.gov
Tectonics in the tropics trigger Earth’s ice ages, study finds
Major tectonic collisions near the equator have caused three ice ages in the last 540 million years. 3/2019
Tectonics in the tropics trigger Earth’s ice ages, study finds. Major tectonic collisions near the equator have caused three ice ages in the last 540 million years. 3/2019
Tectonic timelapse
The Advanced National Seismic System catalog Northern California Earthquake Data Center
Stunning Map Reveals World's Earthquakes Since 1898 Livescience.com 2012
The 10 Biggest Earthquakes in History Livescience.com
The Science Behind Japan's Deadly Earthquake Livescience.com 2011
The 1883 eruption on Krakatoa may be the loudest noise the Earth has ever made.
Tiny Slowdown in Earth's Rotation Could Unleash Major Earthquakes 11/2017
Top Earthquake States: Maps; Earthquakes, Magnitude 3.5 and Greater, 1974 - 2003
Traces of Ancient Earthquakes Hidden in Cave Rocks Livescience.com 4/2015
USGS Rolls Out Groundbreaking Earthquake Study: The HayWired Earthquake Scenario 4/2018
What Is Plate Tectonics? 3/2016
What to Do After an Earthquake Fema.gov
What is the Ring of Fire? 6/2018
Why it is so hard to predict where and when earthquakes will strike theconversation.com 4/2015
Graphic source: http://www.livescience.com/37706-what-is-plate-tectonics.html
Most active tectonic plate boundaries
Map source: http://phys.org/news/2016-12-slow-slip-earthquakes.html
Extreme/Excessive Heat
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/ScottDuncanWX/status/1688961122076962841
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/CopernicusEU/status/1685231118969106432
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/07/23/1189506023/heres-what-happens-to-the-body-in-extreme-temperatures-and-how-heat-becomes-dead
Graphic source:
https://www.nbcnews.com/data-graphics/map-excessive-extreme-heat-vulnerable-your-neighborhood-rcna84666
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/Climatologist49/status/1565763615822872577
Graphic source: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/national-climate-202208
Graphic source:https://twitter.com/NWSSacramento/status/1565054104354689024
Graphic source: https://gizmodo.com/this-heat-map-of-the-u-s-is-yikes-1849361862
Graphic source: https://gizmodo.com/this-heat-map-of-the-u-s-is-yikes-1849361862
Graphic source: NIH.gov
Graphic source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/5-things-to-know-about-europes-scorching-heatwave/
Graphic source: Weather.gov
Graphic source: https://www.weather.gov/grb/heat
Graphic source: https://www.weather.gov/bgm/heat
Graphic source: https://www.weather.gov/grb/heat
Graphic source: USA Today
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148506/exceptional-heat-hits-pacific-northwest
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/117/21/11350
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/117/21/11350
Graphic source: https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/images/131974
Graphic source: http://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showClimateChangeExtremeHeat.action
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html
Graphic source: http://standeyo.com/Holly_Articles/Holly_Articles_pics/150802.hot.cars.temp.graph.jpg
Fires/Wildfires
VIDEO
1880 Census of Fires
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/RyanMaue/status/1666630982961623049
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148908/whats-behind-californias-surge-of-large-fires?src=eoa-iotd
Graphic source: https://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/air-quality/advisories/wildfiresandhealth.pdf
Floods
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148872/a-moving-and-falling-target
width="600 Alt="Floodplains map">
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148866/research-shows-more-people-living-in-floodplains
Graphic source: Public Health Matters Blog
Hurricanes, Cyclones, Typhoons
VIDEO
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://heavy.com/news/loop-current-hurricane-season-2022/
Graphic source: https://heavy.com/news/atlantic-hurricane-season-2021/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/phpr/infographics/br-hurricanes.htm
Graphic source: http://www.cdc.gov/phpr/documents/hurricanegraphic2014.pdf
2017's Unholy Trinity of Hurricane Disasters
Graphic source: https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2017-11-11-moments-hurricane-season-atlantic-irma-maria-harvey
2017 Hurricanes and Aerosols Simulation
VIDEO
2017 Hurricane System
Graphic source: https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2017-11-11-moments-hurricane-season-atlantic-irma-maria-harvey
Hurricane Matthew (2016)
Map source: http://www.livescience.com/56361-why-hurricane-matthew-strong.html
Graphic source: http://www.livescience.com/55714-super-typhoon-nepartak-nasa-photos.html
Graphic source:https://theconservativetreehouse.com/2017/09/07/hunkering-down/#more-138334
Graphic source:https://theconservativetreehouse.com/2017/09/07/hunkering-down/#more-138334
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
Chart source: http://www.bestroofing.net/brv2/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/cy2.jpg
Ice Storms
Landslides & Mudslides
Map source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=89937&src=eoa-iotd
Lightning Flash
1995-2020 Lightning Flash
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149301/a-new-look-at-earths-lightning
Pandemics
Radiation
Graphic source: http://earthsky.org/earth/why-dont-plants-get-sunburn
Snowstorms
Graphic source: National Weather Service, Boston
Thunderstorms
Tornadoes
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/beyond-tornado-alley-which-states-have-the-most-tornadoes/
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/beyond-tornado-alley-which-states-have-the-most-tornadoes/
Graphic source: https://brilliantmaps.com/us-tornado/
Mean number of days per year with a tornado registering EF1 strength or greater within 25 miles (40 km), 1986-2015.
NOAA Storm Prediction Center.
Graphic source: https://earthsky.org/earth/tornado-alley-dixie-climate-change/
Graphic source: https://earthsky.org/earth/december-tornadoes-2021-cause-of-outbreak/
Graphic source: National Weather Service
Tsunamis
Volcanoes
Graphic source:https://cosmosmagazine.com/news/implications-of-hunga-tonga-eruption/
Graphic source: https://earthsky.org/earth/tonga-volcano-effects-on-the-edge-of-space/
The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption on January 15, 2022, caused many effects, some illustrated here. The effects were felt around the world and even into space. Image via NASA Goddard/ Mary Pat Hrybyk-Keith.
Graphic source: https://earthsky.org/earth/tonga-volcano-effects-on-the-edge-of-space/
Graphic source: https://www.gi.alaska.edu/news/hunga-volcano-eruption-provides-explosion-data
Graphic source: https://www.gi.alaska.edu/news/hunga-volcano-eruption-provides-explosion-data
VIDEO
VIDEO
Source: https://twitter.com/nochedevolcanes/status/1445346436279934978
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148875/cumbre-vieja-lights-up-the-night
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148880/lava-burns-a-path-through-la-palma
Graphic source: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-a-supervolcano-what-a-supereruption
Graphic source:
https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/geology-history
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/17/asia/taal-volcano-philippines-fatal-attraction-intl-hnk/index.html
Graphic source: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/64/gip64.pdf
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/USGSVolcanoes/status/1128736810396291072
Satellite footage of Fuego Volcano shows the massive dark gray eruption was visible even from space.
Here is a link to the video
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/04/americas/guatemala-fuego-volcano-erupts/index.html
Graphic source: @USGSVolcanoes
Graphic source: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/05/25/hawaii-volcano-infrared-images/646354002/
Graphic source: @BeckePhysics
Graphic source: WHO Philippines
Graphic source: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44212666
Water
Weather
Wildfires
Map source: https://time.com/7206020/los-angeles-fires-size-acres-manhattan-football-fields/
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntuseland/essays/fire.htm
Wind
Emotional Intelligence & Mindfulness
Graphic source: https://thechalkboardmag.com/the-feelings-circle-chart-emotional-communication
Graphic source:
https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1300401728962125825
Graphic source: https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/negative-emotions-at-work
Graphic source: http://idealistcareers.org/3-tips-for-a-more-mindful-and-less-stressful-job-search/
Graphic source: Author/Copyright holder: Machine Elf 1735. Copyright terms and license: Public Domain.
Graphic source: http://www.lifehack.org/627055/how-to-be-more-sensitive-for-an-emotionally-insensitive-person
Graphic source: https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/putting-some-emotion-into-your-design-plutchik-s-wheel-of-emotions
Graphic source: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-you-need-emotional-intelligence-succeed-dr-travis-bradberry
Graphic source: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine
Graphic source: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine
Graphic sourcce: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine
Graphic sourcce: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine
Graphic sourcce: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine
Health Effects of EDC exposure
Graphic sourcce: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine
Graphic source: https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/edcs
Graphic source: https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ama/content_public/journal/jama/0/jpg250049fa_1769121211.27583.png
Graphic source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26544531/
EDCs can act as obesogens, diabetogens, and/or cardiovascular disruptors. For obesogenic effects, EDCs act upon adipocytes and the brain to induce obesity, which generates insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia and greatly increases the susceptibility to T2D and CVDs. Additionally, EDCs work as diabetogens that directly affect the islet of Langerhans and increase or decrease normal insulin biosynthesis and release, generating hyper- or hypoglycemia. An excess of insulin signaling, as well as insulin resistance, can result in metabolic syndrome. In animal models, EDCs induce insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, fatty liver, and dyslipidemia on WAT, liver, and skeletal muscle. This generates T2D and CVDs. The EDC BPA has been shown to act directly on the heart, increasing the probability of CVDs in animal models.
Graphic source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26544531/
Stages of normal rat mammary gland (MG) development and effects of environment on subsequent events. Different effects and outcomes after EDC exposure are strongly dependent upon the age of exposure (neonatal period, puberty, pregnancy) and time of analysis. Early-life effects such as altered thelarche or gynecomastia present themselves in adolescents, whereas effects on lactation or mammary tumorigenesis become evident during adulthood. Arrows indicate plausible (gray) or more certain (white) mechanistic pathways. Photomicrographs for early life and puberty were all taken at 16× magnification on a macroscope. [Adapted from R. R. Enoch et al: Mammary gland development as a sensitive end point after acute prenatal exposure to an atrazine metabolite mixture in female Long-Evans rats. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115:541–547 (884), with permission.] Photomicrographs for pregnancy/lactation and adulthood were taken at 10× magnification on a standard microscope (from S.E.F.). [Reprinted from Figure 1 in R. A. Rudel et al: Environmental exposures and mammary gland development: state of the science, public health implications, and research recommendations. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:1053–1061 (801), with permissio