Quality of Life Quotes & References

"Smoking and obesity account for the most frequent preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States, and 9 million adults (4.7% of US adults) report having both a body mass index of more than 30 kg/m2 and smoking cigarettes. Overweight adult women are also more likely than men to be current smokers. Compared with nonobese adolescent girls, obese adolescent girls have more than twice the risk for high-level nicotine addiction in young adulthood."
Risk for Smoking Addiction Increased in Obese vs Nonobese Female Adolescents (6/21/2011)
http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/744997?src=cmemp

"....smoking cessation may be the most effective way to reduce adverse outcomes in patients with post-MI left ventricular dysfunction."
Smoking Cessation Benefits MI Patients With Heart Damagev (8/20/2010)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/PrimaryCare/Smoking/21804?pfc=111&spc=269
Original source: Shah A, et al "Risk of all-cause mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, and heart failure hospitalization associated with smoking status following myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction" Am J Cardiol 2010; DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.021.

"Smoking cigarettes not only increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS), it also might contribute to more rapid disease progression. However, quitting smoking might at least partly reverse the adverse effects that this addictive habit has on MS."
Smoking Accelerates Progression of Multiple Sclerosis
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/706292?src=cmemp
Original source: Arch Neurol. 2009;66:858-864

"Smoking in middle age is associated with memory deficit and decline in reasoning abilities,"....
Smoking hurts mind as well as body: study (6/9/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN0645737020080609?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100
Sabia and colleagues from the National Institute of Health and Medical Research in Villejuif, France; Archives of Internal Medicine

"...smoking makes you old before your time. Never-smokers lived longer than heavy smokers, and their extra years were of better quality,....; for the best health-related quality of life, the habit should not be started at all,...."
Smoking Takes the Joy Out of Life (10/13/2008)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/PrimaryCare/Smoking/tb/11282
Original source: Strandberg A, et al "The effect of smoking in midlife on health-related quality of life in old age" Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1968-1974.

"Smoking marijuana increases the risk of testicular cancer....The risk was especially elevated in men who had started using the drug before they were 18 or who used it frequently."
Marijuana Use Linked to Testicular Cancer (2/9/2009)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/HematologyOncology/OtherCancers/12802
Original Source: Daling JR, et al "Association of marijuana use and the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors" Cancer 2009; DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24159.

"Smoking was the leading cause of death in men, killing an estimated 248,000 annually, or 21 percent of all adult male deaths.... Smoking, high blood pressure and being overweight are the leading preventable risk factors for premature mortality in the United States....The effects of smoking work out to be about one in five deaths in American adults, while high blood pressure is responsible for one in six deaths. High blood pressure was the leading cause of death in adult women, killing nearly 230,000 American women each year, 19 percent of all female deaths. By comparison, that is more than five times the 42,000 number of annual deaths in women from breast cancer."
Smoking, hypertension and BMI are the leading preventable risk factors for premature mortality in the U.S. (4/30/2009)
http://www.news-medical.net/?id=49042
Original source: April 28, 2009 edition of the open-access journal PLoS Medicine.

"...smoking, which is associated with maternal, fetal, and infant morbidity and mortality, is one of the most important modifiable causes of poor pregnancy outcomes in the United States. Maternal smoking is also implicated in approximately 23% to 34% of all sudden infant deaths (SIDS) and 5% to 7% of preterm-related infant deaths, as well as increased risks for asthma, colic, and childhood obesity. Cutting down on smoking during pregnancy is better than nothing, but the best thing a woman can do is to quit entirely during pregnancy and stay quit postpartum, both for her own health and her baby's health."
ACOG Issues Recommendations for Providers to Support Perinatal Smoking Cessation (10/21/2010)
http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/730940?src=cmemp

"Soluble fiber has been shown to be more effective in controlling blood glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factors, which have been positively related to risk of breast cancer."
High Fiber Intake Linked to Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer (10/2/2009)
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/709843?src=cmenews&uac=81167HX

""...some 11.9% of new HIV infections -- the so-called population attributable fraction -- could be prevented if women did not experience more than one episode of physical or sexual partner violence."
Male Violence Ups HIV Risk for Women (6/17/2010)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/HIVAIDS/HIVAIDS/20723
Original source: Jewkes RK et al. "Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: a cohort study" Lancet 2010; DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60548-X.

"Staying active helps stave off midlife weight gain during the transition from young adulthood to middle age -- especially for women. Women appeared to benefit more from greater activity -- with double the magnitude of weight gain prevented by high activity than seen in men."
Exercise Fights Middle-Age Spread (12/14/2010)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/PrimaryCare/ExerciseFitness/23910
Original source: Hankinson AL, et al "Maintaining a high physical activity level over 20 years and weight gain" JAMA 2010; 304: 2603-2610.

"Stressful situations such as births, deaths, divorce and employment concerns often slow down the blood flow to the heart, raise cholesterol levels, decrease your mental well-being and weaken the immune system.... seeing a general physician on an annual basis can significantly lengthen your life by catching ailments before they start or treating emerging ones."
20 Ways to Live to 100 From AOL Health
http://news.aol.com/health/story/ar/_a/eating-less-can-add-years-to-your-life/20080709112009990001

"Strokes that occurred among the most physically active individuals were 2.54 times more likely to be mild and half as likely to leave victims impaired compared with those in the lowest exercise quartile,..."
Strokes Milder and Less Impairing for the Physically Active
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Cardiology/Strokes/11380
Original source: Krarup L-H, et al "Prestroke physical activity is associated with severity and long-term outcome from first-ever stroke" Neurology 2008; 71: 1313-1318.

"Studies also have shown that optimistic people have lower incidence of heart disease, better prognosis after heart surgery, and longer life."
Stress causes whole body deterioration. Medical Research News. (9-Jan-2008)
http://www.news-medical.net/?id=34154

"...study participants who exercised more than 180 minutes a week retained greater bone density."
Exercise Can Forestall Osteoporosis (5/8/2010)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100426105643.htm?sms_ss=blogger

"Successful weight loss in obese individuals is defined as a reduction of 10 percent or more of initial body weight maintained for at least a year. Fast weight losers lost more weight overall, maintained their weight loss for longer and were not more likely to put weight back on than the more gradual weight losers."
Shape up the quick way (5/6/2010)
http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-6-920921-0
Original source: I. Nackers LM et al (2010). The association between rate of initial weight loss and long-term success in obesity treatment: does slow and steady win the race? International Journal of Behavioral Medicine,DOI 10.1007/s12529-010-9092-y

"Sugar-sweetened soft drinks have been linked to a number of adverse health outcomes such as high weight gain.Consumption of artificially sweetened carbonated and noncarbonated soft drinks was associated with an increased risk for preterm delivery."
Artificially Sweetened Soft Drinks Linked to Preterm Delivery (8/31/2010)
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/727770?src=cmemp&uac=81167HX
Original source: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:626-633

"Switching out saturated fats for polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids) as 5% of caloric intake remained protective both for coronary events (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.97) and coronary deaths (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.89), even after additional adjustment for lifestyle factors."
Polyunsaturated Fats Help the Heart
http://www.medpagetoday.com/PrimaryCare/DietNutrition/13783
Original source: Jakobsen MU, et al "Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies" Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1425-32.

"Taking at least a week off for a mental health problem may be a sign of an increased risk of a premature death...."
Missing Week's Work for Mental Health May Predict Premature Mortality (11/24/2008)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Psychiatry/GeneralPsychiatry/11908
Original source: Ferrie JE, et al "Diagnosis-specific sickness absence and all-cause mortality in the GAZEL study" J Epidemiol Comm Health 2008; DOI: 10.1136/jech.2008.074369.

"Teenagers who look on the bright side of life appear less likely to suffer depression,...optimistic thinking appeared to protect against health risks such as emotional problems, substance use, and antisocial behavior,..."
Less Depression, Health Risks for Teen Optimists (1/10/2011)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Pediatrics/GeneralPediatrics/24247

"Teens who misbehave at school may be on their way to a lifetime of difficulties in work, relationships....Overall, misbehavior was linked to a less successful life as measured by cumulative scores on the different measures of adversity in adulthood."
Bad Behavior in School Linked to Lifelong Troubles (January 09, 2009)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Pediatrics/Parenting/12389
Original source: Colman I, et al "Outcomes of conduct problems in adolescence: 40 year follow-up of national cohort" BMJ 2009; 337: a2981.

"Teens who were obese and overweight had a higher risk for chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and fatty liver disease..."
Obese and Overweight Teens at Higher Risk for Chronic Diseases (6/2/2008)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/575399?sssdmh=dm1.356952&src=nldne
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162:566-573.

"Teens with otherwise healthy lifestyles often consume sports drinks and sugary fruit-flavored beverages in large quantities -- perhaps because they mistakenly believe these products are good for them....higher consumption of fruit-flavored and sports drinks was also strongly associated with increased consumption of foods across the board -- including unhealthy meats, french fries, and desserts."
Teens May Mistake Sports Drinks as Good for Them (9/27/2010)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/PrimaryCare/DietNutrition/22427
Original source: Ranjit N, et al "Dietary and activity correlates of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among adolescents" Pediatrics 2010; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-1229.

"...the average person has a "heart age" five years older than their chronological age. For non-smokers, the difference is just two years, but for smokers it is 14 years."
Stress and excess leaves Britons with hearts that are ageing faster than the rest of their bodies. (3/10/2008)
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/health/dietfitness.html?in_article_id=526371&in_page_id=1798

"The best way of reducing your risk of developing dementia is to maintain a balanced diet with regular exercise and frequent social interactions."
Vitamin D 'is mental health aid' (1/27/2009)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7845703.stm

"The combination of regular alcohol consumption and current smoking conferred a sevenfold increased risk of contralateral breast cancer.Obesity and alcohol consumption are associated with increased estrogen levels."
More Support for Lifestyle Links to Breast Cancer (9/9/2009)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/HematologyOncology/BreastCancer/15874?pfc=111&spc=269
Original source: Li CI, et al "Relationship between potentially modifiable lifestyle factors and risk of second primary contralateral breast cancer among women diagnosed with estrogen receptor-positive invasive breast cancer" J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.1597.

"The combination of stress and obesity may significantly influence the development of type 2 diabetes among African-American women, with stress having a potentially greater role.... While belly fat alone has been associated with elevated glucose, stress hormones appear to be contributing more significantly than previously thought."
Emotional, Not Just Physical Weight, Increases Type 2 Diabetes Risk (2/28/ 2009)
http://insciences.org/article.php?article_id=2841

"The current generation of children faces a far higher risk of cancer later in life due to their unhealthy habits.... Childhood is the time when the habits of a lifetime are established. If you want healthy adults you have to start by making healthy children....If we don't do something about tackling how much exercise our young people take and how concerned they are about what they eat and their weight, we are going to have another explosion of cancers, to which unhealthy lifestyles will be a significant, contributory factor."
Obese cancer 'explosion' warning (2/4/2009)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7866681.stm

"The effects of sleep restriction are immediately experienced by the brain after just 1 short night of 4 hours' sleep....neurobehavioral deficits improved monotonically with sleep recovery � as sleep duration, sleep stages, and sleep intensity returned to normal � the recovery was not complete even after a recovery sleep of 10 hours."
Cognitive Deficits of Sleep Deprivation Kick in Early and Linger (12/7/2010)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/733739

"The favorable effect of fruit-and-vegetable consumption was offset by smoking, which resulted in a positive association with colorectal cancer."
Mixed Results for Diet and Colorectal Cancer (4/15/2009)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/PrimaryCare/DietNutrition/13744
Original source: Rohrmann S, et al "Heterocyclic aromatic amine intake increases colorectal adenoma risk: findings from a prospective European cohort study" Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1418-24.

"The fear and expectation of having something adverse happen actually lowers immunity....Constant worrying causes cortisol and epinephrine levels to rise - and these stress hormones can weaken the body's overall immunity... "Every thought is accompanied by a chain of biochemical reactions in your body,... So a positive attitude can increase levels of nitric oxide, which help to balance neurotransmitters, improve immunity, and increase circulation,... Whenever nitric oxide levels are high -- from anything ranging from positive thought to exercise -- you're actually improving your resistance to disease,...Those with positive outlooks reported fewer cold symptoms and were more resistant to developing an upper respiratory illness."
Secrets of Super-Healthy People
http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/features/secrets-super-healthy-people?ecd=wnl_day_012009

"...the fraction of all cancer deaths attributable to smoking was 73%....The percentage of all cancer deaths attributable to tobacco smoke exposure was 73% for all men and 74% for men ages 30 to 74."
Smoking Exacts a Heavier Toll Than Previously Expected (1/22/2009)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/PrimaryCare/Smoking/12570
Original source: Leistikow B, et al "Male tobacco smoke load and non-lung cancer mortality associations in Massachusetts" BMC Cancer 2008; DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-341.

"The good news is that [HDL and triglycerides] are exceedingly responsive to lifestyle changes,..."
Giving Weight to the Other Cholesterol (June 16, 2009)
Wall Street Journal http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124512036156317769.html

"The higher the blood cholesterol level, the greater the risk of atherosclerosis and the greater the likelihood of suffering a heart attack. The unhealthy food results in the accumulation of cholesterol crystals that activate an "inflammasome" complex within the scavenger cells. One of the functions of this multi-protein complex is to induce the release of inflammatory mediators. The mediators then attract more and more immune cells to the site where the problem is occurring. The growing invasion ultimately destabilizes the vessel walls -- with potentially life-threatening consequences."
Why Cholesterol Damages Arteries: Cholesterol Crystals Lead to Life-Threatening Inflammation in Blood Vessel Walls (4/29/2o10)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100428142300.htm

"The increased incidence of heart failure before age 50 among blacks largely reflected hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease, and depressed systolic function that cropped up 10 to 15 years earlier."
Blacks Have Much Higher Rate of Early Heart Failure (March 18, 2009)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Cardiology/CHF/13322? utm_source=mSpoke&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign= DailyHeadlines&utm_content=GroupB&userid=36040&impressionId=1237428062462
Original source: Bibbins-Domingo K, et al "Racial differences in incident heart failure among young adults" N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1179-90.

"The increased prevalence of obesity has been accompanied by a similar increase in the occurrence of metabolic liver disease, characterized by excess triglyceride accumulation that leads to inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis."
Low-Carbohydrate Diet Works in the Liver to Stimulate Weight Loss (1/22/2009)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Gastroenterology/GeneralHepatology/12563

"....the influence of your friends and people you have connections with can affect your health just as much as your family history or your genetic background..."With regard to alcohol consumption, your social network may have both positive and negative health consequences, depending on the circumstances....people were 29% more likely to abstain from drinking if someone they're directly connected to abstained....those who were surrounded by heavy drinkers increased their alcohol consumption by about 70% compared with those who weren't connected to any heavy drinkers....female contacts are significantly more likely to influence the spread of heavy alcohol consumption."
Social Network Influences Alcohol Intake (4/5/2010)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Psychiatry/Addictions/19402

"The lifestyle change with the biggest benefit was giving up smoking, which led to an 80 percent improvement in health...."
Four health changes can prolong life 14 years (1/8/08)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSL0724344420080108?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100&sp=true
Original source: http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050012

"The lifestyle changes included a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes and soy products, moderate exercise such as walking for half an hour a day, and an hour of daily stress management methods such as meditation."
Healthy lifestyle raises beneficial enzyme: study (9/15/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN1529591920080915?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"...the lower the subjects� vitamin D levels, the more negatively impacted was their performance on a battery of mental tests. Compared with people with optimum vitamin D levels, those in the lowest quartile were more than twice as likely to be cognitively impaired."
Does Vitamin D Improve Brain Function? (11/2009)
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=does-d-make-a-difference&sc=HLTH_20091103

"The low-risk lifestyle was defined as not smoking, having a body mass index less than 25 kg/m2, exercising with moderate to vigorous intensity for 30 minutes or more per day, consuming a half to one drink daily for women and up to two drinks daily for men, and eating a diet emphasizing increased intake of fruits, vegetables, cereal fiber, chicken, fish, nuts, and legumes, reduced intake of trans and saturated fats, and the use of a multivitamin for at least five years."
A Lifestyle Good for the Heart May Prevent Stroke (8/11/2008)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Cardiology/Strokes/tb/10510

"The main cause of the obesity epidemic is increased calorie intake throughout society during the past 50 years....;...fructose added to soft drinks and processed foods typically lead to increased calorie intake and possible weight gain because the fructose is not accompanied by comparable amounts of fiber or other nutrients that promote healthy weight...."
Fructose Intake Has Increased to More Than 10% of Daily Energy in US Diet (7/9/2008)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/577279?sssdmh=dm1.367085&src=nldne

"The major factors contributing to the decision to remove the tattoos were "got tired of it" (68%), "just grew up" (66%), "having to hide the tattoo" (67%), and negative comments from a "significant other" (32%)."
Tattoos Wear Thin for Some Recipients (7/21/2008)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Dermatology/GeneralDermatology/tb/10205
Armstrong M, et al "Motivation for contemporary tattoo removal: a shift in identity" Arch Dermatol 2008; 144: 879-884.

"The low-sodium, low-fat Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, combined with aerobic exercise and caloric restriction, improves neurocognitive function among sedentary, overweight, or obese patients with high blood pressure."
DASH Diet Plus Exercise Improves Cognitive Function in Sedentary Obese Patients (3/17/2010)
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/718659?src=cmemp&uac=81167HX

"The medical costs of obesity-related problems such as diabetes, stroke and heart disease run near $140 billion, or more than 6% of all health-care costs."
What if no one were fat? Imagine a lean and healthy America: The savings on medical, fuel, food and other costs would be enough to give every U.S. household more than $4,000.
http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Insurance/Advice/WhatIfNoOneWereFat.aspx?page=all

"The memories and emotions that people associate with familiar songs can be traced to the medial prefrontal cortex, a part of the brain where the wiring for memories and thoughts about music appears to be linked...The music (that) evoked the strongest memories was also the music that brought about the most emotional responses...."
Why Music Triggers a Walk Down Memory Lane (02/24/09)
http://www.forbes.com/feeds/hscout/2009/02/25/hscout624352.html
Original Source: Feb. 24 in Cerebral Cortex

"...the most harmful fat distribution pattern in obese people was that of high liver fat, followed by high intramyocellular [muscle] fat. Visceral fat is also bad, but not as bad as liver or muscle fat....excess fat in the liver was the main predictor of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in obese individuals."
Obesity Can Be "Metabolically Benign" (8/13/2008)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/579018?sssdmh=dm1.376541&src=nldne
Original source: August 11/25, 2008 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine.

"The nicotine in cigarette smoke may promote insulin resistance and lead to a condition known as prediabetes...could explain why smokers are at higher risk for diabetes....the key factor at work was nicotine's effect on the stress hormone cortisol, since, acortisol excess is known to induce insulin resistance."
Nicotine May Help Spur 'Prediabetes (6/11/2009)
http://health.usnews.com/articles/health/healthday/2009/06/11/nicotine-may-help-spur-prediabetes.html

"The number of Americans with diabetes is expected to rise to 48.3 million by 2050."
Heart disease risk soars with obesity, diabetes (8/15/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSCOL55575420080815?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"The number of overweight children in the U.S. has tripled in the last 30 years, and more than 17% of children between the ages of 6 and 19 are overweight....Obese children had concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, a marker associated with increased risk of developing heart disease, that were ten times higher than those found in lean children. They also had elevated levels of fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1....Obesity in children as young as 7 years old may put them at higher risk of heart disease and stroke later in life, even if they lack other cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure,...reduction (or weight maintenance in many growing children) remains the cornerstone of any intervention in childhood obesity."
Obese Kids at Risk for Adult CVD (1/26/2010)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Endocrinology/MetabolicSyndrome/18153?pfc=111&spc=269
Original source: Mauras N, et al "Obesity without established co-morbidities of the metabolic syndrome 1 is associated with a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state even before the onset of puberty in children" J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1887.

"The odds of having a stroke seem to spike up when men reach their mid-40s.The risk factors are most of the ones we start thinking about in older people -- mostly cholesterol, but also smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes."
Men's Stroke Risk Rises Dramatically in Mid-40s (2/26/2009)
http://news.yahoo.com/s/hsn/20090227/hl_hsn/ mensstrokeriskrisesdramaticallyinmid40s;_ylt= AvLapqFeZGp_40ZNRGfIjWS3j7AB

"The older people got, the more likely they were to report being happy, with slightly more than half of respondents in their 80s saying they were very happy."
People become happier with age, survey finds (4/16/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN1631919120080416?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"The only efficient way to control the spread of HPV is to "vaccinate the other half of the sexually active population: boys and men,...infection with oncogenic HPV types goes beyond cervical cancer, as they are also a primary cause of anal cancer and contribute to a substantial proportion of penile, oropharyngeal, and tonsillar cancers, all of which are predominant in men."
Final Analysis Shows HPV Vaccine Is Effective and Safe (7/16/2009)
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/705818?src=cmemp
Original source: Lancet. Published online July 7, 2009.

"The potential public health benefits from promoting a healthier lifestyle at all ages, and especially ages 40-74 years, are substantial. Regular physical activity and a prudent diet can reduce the risk of premature death and disability from a variety of conditions including coronary heart disease, and are strongly related to the incidence of obesity. In the US, medical costs due to physical inactivity and its consequences are estimated at $76 billion in 2000 dollars. Research indicates that individuals are capable of adopting healthy habits in middle age, and making an impact on cardiovascular risk....best practice guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week for older adults."
Poor adherence to healthy lifestyle habits in U.S. adults (5/27/2009)
http://www.news-medical.net/news/2009/05/27/Poor-adherence-to-healthy-lifestyle-habits-in-US-adults.aspx
Original source: June 2009 issue of The American Journal of Medicine.

"The problem with BMI is it doesn't tell you where the fat is,..."Visceral fat is really bad for you."
ICAO: Future Chronic Disease Risk Goes Beyond BMI (2/1/2010)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Endocrinology/ Diabetes/18233?utm_content=GroupCL&utm_medium=email& impressionId=1265091856769&utm_campaign= DailyHeadlines&utm_source=mSpoke&userid=36040
Original source: Appleton S, et al "Longitudinal outcomes in a cohort stratified by metabolic risk and body mass index" ICAO 2010.

"There are about 4.4 ischemic strokes for every 100,000 women of childbearing age. Birth control pills increase the risk 1.9 times, to 8.5 strokes per 100,000 women."
Increased Stroke Risk from Birth Control Pills: MedLink Neurology (10/26/2009)
http://womenshealthnewstoday.blogspot.com/2009/10/increased-stroke-risk-from-birth.html

"The regular consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks could boost a person's risk of developing pancreatic cancer. The results of a new study found that individuals who consumed 2 or more soft drinks per week had an 87% increased risk for pancreatic cancer, compared with those who did not. The high levels of sugar can increase levels of insulin in the body, and this can contribute to pancreatic cancer cell growth...."
Soft Drink Consumption Linked to Pancreatic Cancer (2/16/2010)
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/717006?src=cmemp&uac=81167HX

"There is a definite link between lack of sleep and depression. In fact, one of the major signs of depression is insomnia or an inability to sleep. Most experts agree that adults need seven to nine hours of sleep a night. But even without depression,...the average American only gets about 6.9 hours."
Sleep and Depression
http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/depression-sleep-disorder?ecd=wnl_slw_121610

"...there is now a large body of evidence which indicates that what is bad for the heart is bad for the brain."
Smoking, High Blood Pressure, and Diabetes May Lead to Dementia (9/1/2009)
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/708204?src=cmemp

"...the risk of coronary heart disease was nearly 40% lower among individuals who ate at least four servings of nuts per week, compared with those who rarely or never ate nuts. In 2003, the Food and Drug Administration issued a qualified claim stating that the consumption of specific nuts--almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, pistachios, walnuts, and peanuts--might reduce the risk of heart disease."
Let's Get Nuts! Eating Almonds, Walnuts, Pecans, and Other Nuts Improves Lipid Levels (5/14/2010)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/721810?sssdmh=dm1.616851&src=nldne&uac=81167HX

"...the risk of developing metabolic syndrome was 34 percent higher among those who drank one can of diet soda a day compared with those who drank none."
Symptoms: Metabolic Syndrome Is Tied to Diet Soda (2/5/2008) New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/health/nutrition/05symp.html?ex=1218430800&en=da8a38419eb75780&ei=5087&excamp=NYT-E-I-NYT-E-AT-0212-L1&WT.mc_ev=click&WT.mc_id=%20NYT-E-I-NYT-E-AT-0212-L1

"The stroke rate for women ages 35 to 54 tripled over a decade, likely spurred by increasing abdominal obesity...."
ASA: Rising Stroke Rates in Women Ages 35 to 54 Tied to Obesity (2/21/2008)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/ASAMeeting/mr/8444
Towfighi A, et al "The 'weight' of the obesity epidemic: rising stroke rates among middle-aged women in the United States" ASA Meeting 2008; Abstract P241.

"The twin epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes will continue to fuel an explosion in heart failure, already the world's most prevalent chronic cardiovascular disease. The pathways by which obesity plays such a role in heart failure are not yet fully understood, but have been shown to have an indirect effect via hypertension, or heart attack, or diabetes - and a direct effect on the heart muscle itself."
Obesity and diabetes each double the risk of heart failure - patients with both conditions �very difficult� to treat (5/31/2009)
http://www.news-medical.net/news/20090531/Obesity-and-diabetes-each-double-the-risk-of-heart-failure-patients-with-both-conditions-e28098very- difficulte28099-to-treat.aspx
Original source: http://www.escardio.org/

"The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans affirms that regular physical activity reduces the risk of many adverse health outcomes,... The guidelines state that all adults should avoid inactivity, that some physical activity is better than none, and that adults who participate in any amount of physical activity gain some health benefits. However, the guidelines emphasize that for most health outcomes, additional benefits occur as the amount of physical activity increases through higher intensity, greater frequency, and/or longer duration."
Importance of Exercise and Physical Activity in Older Adults Reviewed
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/705440?src=cmenews
Original source: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:1510-1530.

"The World Health Organization estimates 1.6 billion adults worldwide are overweight and at least 400 million adults are obese. That includes a third of all U.S. adults."
Exercise trumps obesity gene in study (9/9/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN0846769020080909?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"39 percent had been a victim or perpetrator of bullying -- or in some cases, both."
Bullies face even more health risks than victims (7/25/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSREE57422620080725?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100 Original source: International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, July 15, 2008.

"Those who cut out one sugar-sweetened drink a week lost more than a pound over six months."
Drinking Calories May Matter More Than Eating. Cutting Soda Can Cut Pounds, Doctors Say (4/3/2009)
http://www.wfsb.com/health/19084985/detail.html?treets=hart&tml=hart_health&ts=T&tmi=hart_health_1_11150104032009
Original source: April 1, 2009, issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

"Tobacco companies adjusted menthol levels in cigarettes to get adolescents hooked...."
Cigarette Makers Tailored Menthol Levels to Attract Young Smokers (7/18/2008)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/PublicHealthPolicy/PublicHealth/tb/10186

"... tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 chemical compounds, with 43 being known carcinogens."
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (3/1/2008). How Cigarette Smoke Causes Cancer: Study Points To New Treatments, Safer Tobacco. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from
http://www.sciencedaily.com� /releases/2008/02/080228080544.htm

"Tobacco use is the single largest cause of preventable death worldwide, killing "a third to a half of all those who use it", according to the WHO. It contributes to deaths from ischaemic heart disease, stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which numbered 5.4 million in 2004."
Chronic diseases top causes of deaths globally: WHO (5/20/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSL2024589920080520?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100&pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0

"Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease and premature death in the United States and the most prominent cause of cancer," "The tobacco-use epidemic causes a third of the cancers in America." " Tobacco use kills 438,000 people prematurely every year, including 38,000 people who breathe only secondhand smoke...." "Tobacco use causes more deaths each year than alcohol use, car crashes, suicide, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), homicide, and illegal drug use combined," "Tobacco use caused 2.4 million cases of cancer in the United States from 1999 to 2004...."
Tobacco caused 2.4 million U.S. cancers: report (9/4/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN0438131920080904?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"Tobacco use results in more than 400,000 deaths annually from cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer. Smoking during pregnancy results in the deaths of about 1000 infants annually and is associated with an increased risk for premature birth and intrauterine growth retardation....environmental tobacco smoke is a factor contributing to death in approximately 38,000 people each year."
Net Benefits of Tobacco Cessation Interventions Remain Well Established (04/22/2009)
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/701721?sssdmh=dm1.461916&src=nldne

"...trans fats increase not only the risk of heart disease, but also of type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, and, in women, breast cancer."
Rating the Cooking Fats. Choose the healthiest (and tastiest) oils, spreads, and shortenings
http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/features/rating-cooking-fats

"...treating genital herpes infections does not protect people from the AIDS virus."
Second study finds treating herpes won't stop HIV (3/12/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/articlePrint?articleId=USN1219687520080312

"Treating serious gum disease in diabetics can help to lower their blood sugar levels, a study has shown.Dental treatment to reduce this inflammation may therefore help to reduce blood sugar levels."
Better dental care may help people with diabetes, study finds (5/12/2010)
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-05/uoe-bdc051210.php

"...25(OH)D deficiency is an unrecognized contributor to CVD, cancer, and overall mortality."
More Evidence That Vitamin-D Deficiency Ups Mortality (8/13/2008)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/579026?sssdmh=dm1.376541&src=nldne

"Two lifestyle behaviors associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome are (1) high levels of sugar-sweetened beverage...intake and (2) low levels of physical activity,... Sugar-sweetened beverages were defined as caloric soft drinks, colas, sugar-sweetened fruit drinks, and any other sugar-sweetened drinks....each additional daily serving of sugar-sweetened beverages for children increased the risk for obesity by 60%."
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Physical Activity Independently Linked to Insulin Resistance (4/10/2009)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/590886?sssdmh=dm1.457135&src=nldne
Original source: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163:328335.

"Unhealthy lifestyles are associated with more than double the risk of a stroke,...Smoking, drinking too much alcohol, not taking enough exercise and eating few vegetables and little fruit contribute to the chances of a stroke. However, even small changes to our lifestyle factors, such as an improved diet, drinking alcohol in moderation, not smoking and being active, can reduce your risk of stroke."
Lifestyle 'doubles stroke risk' (2/20/2009)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7900224.stm

"-- up to 80 percent of obese teens become obese adults -- experts fear an exponential increase in heart disease, strokes, cancer and other health problems as the children move into their 20s and beyond....these conditions could occur decades sooner and could greatly diminish the quality of their lives. Many could find themselves disabled in what otherwise would be their most productive years."
Obesity Threatens a Generation 'Catastrophe' of Shorter Spans, Higher Health Costs (5/17/2008)
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/05/09/ST2008050900425.html?sid=ST2008050900425

"US Dietary Guidelines recommendations of not more than 1 (alcoholic) drink per drinking day for women or 2 drinks per drinking day for men."; "Drinking in excess of the Dietary Guidelines was associated with an increased risk for individual components of the metabolic syndrome, including impaired fasting glucose/diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, and high blood pressure."
Excessive and Binge Drinking May Increase Risk for Metabolic Syndrome (8/ 4/2008)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/578515?src=mpnews&spon=2&uac=81167HX
Original source: July 15 Online First issue of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.

"Vigorous physical activity can help even people genetically prone to obesity keep the weight off...."
Exercise trumps obesity gene in study (9/9/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN0846769020080909?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"Vigorous walking for about an hour a day five times a week can chop a dozen years off the biological age of persons 64 and older..."
Vigorous Walking May Slow Biological Aging to a Crawl
http://www.medpagetoday.com/PrimaryCare/ExerciseFitness/tb/9080

"...vitamin D deficiency may precipitate or exacerbate osteopenia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, fractures, common cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases. There is also some evidence that the vitamin may reduce the incidence of several types of cancer and type-1 diabetes."
Vitamin D linked to successful weight loss with dieting (6/12/2009)
http://www.dairyreporter.com/Publications/Food-Beverage-Nutrition/NutraIngredients.com/Research/Vitamin-D -linked-to-successful-weight-loss-with-dieting/?c=9EU3KtLmkBCO4WEGqRMqrA%3D% 3D&utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Newsletter%2BDaily
Original source: by the National Institutes of Health, the University of Minnesota, and the Pennock Family Endowment at the University of Minnesota.

"Vitamin D helps lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation and boost the immune system."
Low vitamin D shown to raise death risk: U.S. study (8/11/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN1137793120080811?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"... vitamin D supplements taken daily with calcium is a simple and cheap way of reducing the risk of bone fractures in people in late middle age and onwards."
Vitamin D and Calcium supplements help prevent bone fracture in the elderly (5/27/2009)
http://www.news-medical.net/news/20090527/Vitamin-D-and-Calcium-supplements-help-prevent-bone-fracture-in-the-elderly.aspx
Original source: http://www.ectsoc.org/vienna2009

" -- Walking briskly for 30 minutes a day, six days a week, can significantly reduce blood pressure, waist circumference, triglycerides, and fasting glucose, while increasing HDL."
Brisk Daily Walk Improves Metabolic Profile. Medpage Today (12/17/07)

"Walking may be the ideal exercise. �Walking interspersed with short 30-60 second bursts of running is exactly what we were designed to do and has a most beneficial effect on our heart and circulatory system. Anyone can do it. No special equipment or gym memberships are required."
Health Vs. Fitness: Why Fitness Does Not Necessarily Equate to Health (5/5/2011)
http://www.newswise.com/articles/health-vs-fitness-why-fitness-does- not-necessarily-equate-to-health

"Weight gain is more likely due to an energy imbalance � consuming more calories than your body burns. To lose weight, then, you need to create an energy deficit by eating fewer calories, increasing the number of calories you burn through physical activity, or preferably both. Your ability to change your basal metabolism is limited. However, you can increase daily exercise and activity to build muscle tissue and burn more calories. Regular aerobic exercise, such as walking daily for 30 minutes or more, is an excellent way to burn calories. Strength training exercises, such as weight training, also are important because they help counteract muscle loss associated with aging. And since muscle tissue burns more calories, muscle mass is a key factor in weight loss. Though your metabolism influences your energy needs, it's your food intake and physical activity that ultimately determine your weight."
Metabolism and weight loss: How you burn calories
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/metabolism/WT00006

"..."Western" diet: high in fried foods, salty snacks, eggs, and meat increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) globally and accounts for about 30% of the population-attributable risk...."
"Western" Diet Increases MI Risk Worldwide (10/22/2008)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/582373?sssdmh=dm1.396825&src=nldne
Original source: Iqbal R, Anand S, Ounpuu S, et al. Dietary patterns and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in 52 countries. Results of the INTERHEART study. Circulation 2008; DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.738716. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org.

"...Western diet, one rich in meat, refined grains, and fried foods, increases the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome....diet soda consumption was associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, despite the zero calories and zero sugar."
Two Hamburgers, an Order of Fries, and the Metabolic Syndrome to Go, Please! (2/23/2009)
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/569307?src=cmemp

"...Westernized lifestyles with chronically reduced sleep duration may increase the long-term risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Body mass index and weight both increased more during the shortened-sleep phase....reduced sleep is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes."
Sleep Deprivation Hikes Diabetes Risk (8/11/2009)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Endocrinology/Diabetes/15483?pfc=111&spc=269

"...when it comes to diabetes risk, the specific makeup of a person's diet may be less important than simply how much one eats."
Total Calories More Important Than Dietary Fat in Diabetes Risk (7/28/2008)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Endocrinology/Diabetes/tb/10295
Original source: Tinker L, et al "Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of treated diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial" Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1500-11.

"...when people choose lower-calorie dishes, they just compensate by eating bigger portions."
Diet foods encourage overeating, study finds
http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/diet-foods-encourage-overeating-study-finds-1704827.html

"...When one drinks or uses other substances, inhibitions are lowered, making people more likely to engage in risky behavior like unprotected sex."
Among gays, young partyers spread HIV: study (8/7/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN0732923620080807?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"... when people in experiments are randomly awarded one of two equally valuable prizes, they quickly come to believe that the prize they won was more valuable than the prize they lost."
How to Be Happy.By Stacy Weiner
http://women.webmd.com/features/how-be-happy?page=2

“Whether we mean to or not, we influence public and personal health in all aspects of our lives,..Health – good and bad — is communicable, and it is the responsibility of every citizen, especially those of us with leadership roles in any sector or industry, to act on this.”
Healthy behavior is the new clique differentiator (10/6/2011)
http://www.stonehearthnewsletters.com/healthy-behavior-is-the-new-clique-differentiator/health-care-disparities

"While most men agreed that the same women were attractive, women were less likely to agree about men�s attractiveness. Some women gave high attractiveness ratings to men other women said were completely unappealing. This happened much more often with women than it did with men."
Men Agree More Often on �Attractive� Women
http://www.marketingcharts.com/topics/behavioral-marketing/men-agree-more-often-on-attractive-women-9818/?utm_campaign=newsletter&utm_source=mc&utm_medium=textlink
Original source: published in the June 2009 issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

"...women who ate three or more servings of whole-grain foods a day had significantly lower BMIs (body mass indexes) than those eating less than one serving a day."
5 Food Synergy Secrets for Weight Loss
http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/5-food-synergy-secrets-for-weight-loss?ecd=wnl_day_072808

"Women who drink low to moderate amounts of alcohol have an increased risk for cancer overall and of the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, larynx, rectum, liver, and breast and a possible decreased risk for thyroid cancer, non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma."
Even Low to Moderate Alcohol Consumption Increases Risk for Cancer in Women (2/26/2009)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/588753?sssdmh=dm1.436696&src=nldne

"Women who exercise, eat right, and don't smoke could cut their risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by more than two-thirds.
Healthy Habits Slash AMD Risk (12/14/2010)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Ophthalmology/GeneralOphthalmology/23903
Original Source: Mares J, et al "Healthy lifestyles related to subsequent prevalence of age-related macular degeneration" Arch Ophthalmol 2010; DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.314.

"Women who have a difficult time controlling their blood sugar have a higher risk of miscarriage or stillbirth. They also have a high risk of having a baby with a birth defect,"...
More babies born to diabetic mothers: study (4/28/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN2739771420080428?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"Women whose activity was equivalent to 3.25 hours a week of running or 13 hours a week of walking had a 23 per cent reduced risk of the disease (breast cancer), compared with those who had been less active,...."
Physical activity may reduce risk of breast cancer by 23 per cent
The Globe and Mail, Toronto
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/ RTGAM.20080514.wlcancer14/BNStory/specialScienceandHealth/home

"...women who suffered a type called a ST-elevation myocardial infarction, or STEMI, had a 12 percent higher risk of dying in the hospital than men. ST-elevation refers to an abnormal heart rhythm visible by electrocardiogram."
Severe Heart Attacks Deadlier for Women (12/8/2008)
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/health/research/09heart.html?ref=health

"...women who had one to two small drinks a day were 32 percent more likely to develop a hormone-sensitive tumor. Three or more drinks a day raised the risk by 51 per cent."
Big U.S. study links breast cancer to drinking (4/14/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN1331146720080414?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"Women who walk 2 or more hours a week, especially at a brisk pace, are significantly less likely to experience any type of stroke (and) also had a 57% lower risk for hemorrhagic stroke compared with women who did not walk, whereas women whose usual walking pace exceeded 4.8 km/hour had a 68% lower risk for hemorrhagic stroke than women who did not walk."
Walking Protects Women Against Stroke: WHS Long-Term Follow-Up (4/8/2010)
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/719982?sssdmh=dm1.610986&src=nldne&uac=81167HX
Stroke. Published online April 6, 2010.

"Women who were overweight only as adults had a RR of 8.23 for diabetes, whereas those who were overweight at age 10 years and as adults had an RR of 15.10.; �Women who were overweight at age 10 years but became lean as adults did not have an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. �Weight loss of 10 lbs or more during adulthood was associated with a reduced risk for diabetes among women who were overweight (RR, 0.45) or obese (RR, 0.45) but not among women who were lean (RR, 1.72).
Weight Loss by Overweight Girls May Lower Risk for Diabetes in Adulthood (06/10/2010)
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/723289?src=cmemp&uac=81167HX

"Women with resting heart rates of more than 76 beats per minute were found to be 26 percent more likely to have a heart attack or die from heart disease than those with heart rates of 62 beats per minute or lower."
Women's heart rate helps detect health risks (2/3/2009)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE51302G20090204
Original source: British Medical Journal

"...women with the highest blood levels of trans-fats had about twice the risk of breast cancer compared to women with the lowest levels."
Trans-fats linked to breast cancer risk in study (4/11/2008)
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN1122758320080411?feedType=nl&feedName=ushealth1100

"...years of eating processed food and experiencing the constant blasts of insulin can actually exhaust your pancreas' ability to produce insulin, putting you at risk for diabetes."
Sugar: What Kinds to Eat and When
WebMD Feature from "Men's Fitness" Magazine
http://men.webmd.com/features/sugar-what-kinds-eat-when?ecd=wnl_day_031808

"You can't choose your family or the genetic cardiovascular risk they pass on to you. But you can choose your diet -- and that may be enough to mitigate the deleterious effect of the genes...a "prudent" diet -- one rich in raw vegetables and fruit -- can markedly reduce the genetic risk of heart attack and cardiovascular disease."
Raw Veggies Can Cut Heart Risk Despite Genes (10/14/2011)
Source reference: Do R, et al "The effect of chromosome 9p21 variants on cardiovascular disease may be modified by dietary intake: Evidence from a case/control and a prospective study" PLoS Med 2011; 9(10): e1001106.
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Cardiology/Prevention/29048

"Young and minority women are hardest hit by chlamydia, with girls ages 15 to 19 having the highest rates (3,275.8 per 100,000 women) in 2008, followed closely by those ages 20 to 24 (3,179.9 cases per 100,000 women). The CDC said this is particularly damaging because of long-term health consequences of the disease, including infertility. There's also been a sharp rise in syphilis cases in women year-over-year, but gay men have a much higher incidence of new cases,....African-Americans are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted diseases."
Girls, Minorities Have Highest Incidence of STDs (11/18/2009)
Original source: : Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Source reference: CDC "Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2008."

"...young children appear to be consuming more caffeine, so much so that caffeine could be contributing to sleep problems in primary school children. The more caffeine children consumed, the fewer hours they slept on average (P=0.02), Eight- to 12-year-olds averaged 109 mg of caffeine -- the equivalent of nearly three 12-oz cans of soda each day...caffeine raises your blood pressure, raises your heart rate, and can be addictive. Nearly all of the caffeine intake was consumed through beverages."
Caffeine Consumption Common in Kids (12/16/2010)
http://www.medpagetoday.com/Pediatrics/GeneralPediatrics/23945
Original source: Warzak WJ, et al "Caffeine consumption in young children" J Pediatr 2011; DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.11.022.

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