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(Posted November 12, 2009) "Tobacco use results in more than 400,000 deaths annually from cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer. Smoking during pregnancy results in the deaths of about 1000 infants annually and is associated with an increased risk for premature birth and intrauterine growth retardation....environmental tobacco smoke is a factor contributing to death in approximately 38,000 people each year."; "Smoking was the leading cause of death in men, killing an estimated 248,000 annually, or 21 percent of all adult male deaths.... Smoking, high blood pressure and being overweight are the leading preventable risk factors for premature mortality in the United States....The effects of smoking work out to be about one in five deaths in American adults, while high blood pressure is responsible for one in six deaths. High blood pressure was the leading cause of death in adult women, killing nearly 230,000 American women each year, 19 percent of all female deaths. By comparison, that is more than five times the 42,000 number of annual deaths in women from breast cancer."; "Smoking cigarettes not only increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS), it also might contribute to more rapid disease progression. However, quitting smoking might at least partly reverse the adverse effects that this addictive habit has on MS."; "Smoking, both current and former, is associated with increased risk for pancreatitis in men and women."; "Secondhand smoke has been linked to risk of coronary heart disease, lung cancer, and ischemic heart disease in nonsmokers."; "....nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke have a 25% to 30% increased risk of developing heart disease. The number of acute myocardial infarctions dropped by an average of 17% a year after smoking bans were put into effect, compared with communities with no such smoking restrictions,...The decline in heart attacks continued in subsequent years, with rates dropping by about 36% within three years of smoking prohibitions taking effect."; "The increased incidence of heart failure before age 50 among blacks largely reflected hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease, and depressed systolic function that cropped up 10 to 15 years earlier."; "Major depression increased the lifetime risk of CAD by about 30%. For males, environmental factors, which are often acute in nature, influenced major depression-CAD comorbidity. On the other hand, genetics, which influence chronicity, played a bigger role in women."; "...women who suffered a type called a ST-elevation myocardial infarction, or STEMI, had a 12 percent higher risk of dying in the hospital than men. ST-elevation refers to an abnormal heart rhythm visible by electrocardiogram."; "Women with resting heart rates of more than 76 beats per minute were found to be 26 percent more likely to have a heart attack or die from heart disease than those with heart rates of 62 beats per minute or lower."; "Approximately 25 million women in the US--most over the age of 45--were treated for high blood pressure in 2006, making it the most common condition for which women sought treatment."; "Compared with participants with the highest vitamin D, those with the lowest had 25 percent higher risk of dying from heart disease or stroke."; "Switching out saturated fats for polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids) as 5% of caloric intake remained protective both for coronary events and coronary deaths, even after additional adjustment for lifestyle factors."; "Non-HDL-C can be calculated by subtracting HDL-C from total cholesterol and may be a better predictor for CV risk and mortality than LDL-C, especially in patients with TG > 200 mg/dL....Therapeutic lifestyle changes, including a healthy diet, increased physical activity, weight control, and smoking cessation, should be initiated as soon as possible, and are especially important in patients with risk factors, and/or a family history of CHD.[1] Diet and exercise therapy decrease LDL-C and TG and increase HDL-C, decrease systolic and diastolic BP, decrease insulin resistance, and are proven to prevent the onset of type II DM and lower CV risk independent of its effect on DM risk.... omega-3 FA reduce the risk of total and CHD-related mortality by 20% to 50%, reduce nonfatal coronary events, and suppress cardiac arrhythmias."; "Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish like salmon and tuna, can prevent surges in stress hormones and protect against heart disease. Eating a handful of pistachios every day can lower blood pressure...."; "A diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in salt, sweets, and red meats -- the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) model -- appears to slow cognitive decline...adherence to the DASH diet was a marker for an overall healthy lifestyle that includes exercise and not smoking...the DASH diet was effective in lowering blood pressure."; "Vegetarian diets are linked to lower risk for death from ischemic heart disease,... In addition, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and body mass index appear to be lower in vegetarians than in nonvegetarians, as do rates of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cancer."

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